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Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2014 


https://archive.org/details/americanglasswarOObarb 


WASHINGTON 
(See  No.  79) 


American  Glassware 


Old  and  New 


A  Sketch  of  the  Glass  Industry 
IN  THE  United  States 

AND 

Manual  for  Collectors  of  Historical  Bottles 


By 

EDWIN  ATLEE  BARBER,  A.M.,  Ph.D. 

Author  of 

Pottery  and  Porcelain  of  the  United  States, 
Anglo-American  Pottery,  Etc.,  Etc.,  Etc. 
Honorary  Curator  of  the  Department  of  American  Pottery  and  Porcelain, 
Pennsylvania  Museum  and  School  of  Industrial  Art, 
Philadelphia  ,  Pa. 


PRESS  OF 

Patterson  &  White  Company 
philadelphia,  pa, 

MCM 


Jii  n  lA 


1  900 


Copyright  1900 
By  Edwin  A.  Barber 


Cj  o 

MOORE  FUND 

THE  GETTY  CENTER 
LIBRARv 


TO 

ALL  LOVERS 

OF 

THE  ANTIQUE 

THE  CURIOUS 

THE  BEAUTIFUL 


IN  GLASSWARE 


PREFACE 


Collectors  of  antiquities  have  recently  begun 
to  turn  their  attention  to  those  curious  old  de- 
signs in  glassware  which  illustrate  events  of  im- 
portance in  our  nation's  progress,  or  attempt  to 
portray  the  features  of  some  of  the  personages 
who  were  prominent  in  the  country's  history. 
On  account  of  the  absence  of  distinguishing 
marks,  the  origin  of  these  quaint  old  flasks  and 
bottles  and  teacup  plates  has  heretofore  been  en- 
shrouded in  doubt.  Whether  they  were  oi 
foreign  or  American  production,  none  could  posi- 
tively say. 

Those  whose  interest  has  been  aroused  in  this 
subject  have  felt  the  need  of  a  manual  which, 
while  throwing  some  light  on  the  factories  where 
these  objects  were  produced,  shall  furnish  a  refer- 
ence list  of  known  designs.  This  information 
could  only  be  obtained  by  visiting  the  older  es- 
tablishments which  are  yet  in  existence  and  by 
consulting  the  surviving  members  of  the  craft, 
and  such  of  the  old  mould  makers  as  are  still 
living.    The  results  of  the  author's  investigations 


Preface. 

in  this  untrodden  field  have  been  embodied  in  the 
following  pages,  which  are  now  presented  as  the 
first  contribution  to-  this  interes'ting  study. 

I  take  pleasure  in  acknowledging  my  indebted- 
ness to  Mr.  E.  W.  Coffin,  of  Ashland,  N.  J. ;  the 
late  Mr.  Nathaniel  Root,  of  Newington,  Conn.; 
Mr.  W.  M.  Pierce,  of  Qayton,  N.  J. ;  Mr.  Albert 
H.  Parke,  Mr.  Henry  C.  Fox  and  Mr.  J.  W. 
Whitney,  of  Philadelphia ;  Miss  Mable  E.  Clark, 
of  West  Willington,  Conn. ;  Mr.  F.  H.  Case,  of 
Guilderland,  N.  Y. ;  Mr.  C.  V.  Wheeler,  of  Little 
Falls,  N.  Y.,  and  Mr.  Charles  L.  Dean,  of  Mai- 
den, Mass.,  for  historical  data  furnished. 

Credit  for  the  use  of  illustrations  must  be  given 
to  the  New  York  Sun  and  the  Chicago  Glass 
and  Pottery  World.  It  was  in  these  publications 
that  many  of  the  engravings  used  here  first  ap- 
peared, in  connection  with  a  series  of  articles  pre- 
pared by  the  present  writer. 

The  end  of  the  ninteenth  century  -seems  a  par- 
ticularly appropriate  time  to  record  the  results 
which  have  been  attained  in  this  interesting 
branch  of  American  industry. 

Edwin  A.  Barber 

West  Chester,  Pa., 
September,  1900. 


CONTENTS 


Page 

I.    Early   Glass   Works   in   the  United 


States   ii 

II.    Antique  Flasks  and  Bottles   19 

III.  On  the  Identification  of  Old  Glass- 

ware   27 

IV.  Sketches   of   Glass   Factories  Estab- 

lished Before  1800,  and  Their  Prod- 
ucts   37 

V.  Sketches  of  Glass  Factories  Estab- 
lished Since  1800,  and  Their  Prod- 
ucts   53 

VI.    Miscellaneous    Designs   of  Unknown 

Makers   73 

VII.    Early  Mould  Makers   79 

VIII.    Glass  Cup-Plates   83 

IX.    Modern  Political  Designs   91 

X.    Recent    Achievements    in  American 

Glass  Making   95 

Index.    loi 


CHAPTER  I 


EARLY  GLASS  V/ORKS  IN  THE 
UNITED  STATES 


EARLY  GLASS  WORKS 
IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


The  first  industrial  enterprise  established  in 
the  territory  of  the  United  States  was  a  glass  bot- 
tle factory,  which  was  erected  in  the  Virginia 
colony  soon  after  1607.  The  works  stood  in  the 
woods  about  a  mile  distant  from  Jamestown.  A 
second  glass  house  was  erected  in  1622  for  the 
manufacture  of  glass  beads  for  trade  with  the 
Indians.  Nothing  is  known  concerning  the 
exact  nature  of  these  products,  nor  of  the  ulti- 
mate success  of  the  somewhat  ambitious  under- 
taking. Glass  beads  have  been  discovered  in 
many  parts  of  the  United  States,  associated  with 
Indian  remains,  and  it  is  possible  that  some  of 
them  may  have  been  produced  at  Jamestown. 
In  the  ancient  graves  of  Florida  large  vari-col- 
ored  beads  have  been  found.  In  old  Indian 
graves  in  Pennsylvania  glass  beads  have  been 
discovered  in  large  quantities,  some  of  them 
made  in  imitation  of  amber  and  others  in  simu- 

II 


12 


American  Glassware, 


lation  of  Catlinifte  or  the  red  pipe^tone  of  the 
Great  Red  Pipestone  Quarry  of  Minnesota. 

In  1639  coarse  bottles  and  other  articles  were 
made  at  Salem,  Mass.,  and  in  Philadelphia  a 
glass  house  was  in  operation  in  1683.  One 
Joshua  Tittery,  from  Newcastle-upon-Tyne,  came 
over  to  Pennsylvania  in  June  of  that  year  as 
a  glass  maker  in  the  employ  of  the  ^'Society  of 
Traders.''  Various  attempts  were  made  to 
manufacture  glass  in  many  parts  of  the  country 
during  the  following  hundred  years.  In  New 
York  city  two  factories  were  being  operated  in 
1732,  one  in  Connecticut  in  1747  and  another  in 
Brooklyn  in  1754.  At  Germantown  (Quincy), 
Mass.,  glass  bottles  were  made  in  1760,  and  frag- 
ments of  the  ware  which  have  been  found  on 
the  site  of  the  old  buildings  show  that  the  pro- 
duct was  coarse  and  thick,  and  of  a  greenish  hue. 

What  is  believed  to  have  been  the  first  glass 
factory  in  New  Jersey  was  constructed  about 
1739,  about  one  mile  east  of  Allowaystown,  Salem 
county,  by  Caspar  Wistar,  who  brought  over  four 
skilled  workmen  from  Rotterdam  for  the  pur- 
pose, as  shown  by  a  deed  of  agreement  dated 
December  7,  1738,  still  in  existence,  and  he  and 


American  Glassware. 


his  son,  Richard  Wistar,  continued  to  make  glass 
there  for  many  years,  probably  until  1781,  in 
which  year  the  latter  died.*  Caspar  Wistar  died 
at  his  residence  in  Philadelphia  in  1752.  At  the 
Allowaystown  establishment  bottles  and  window 
glass  were  made,  and  it  is  known  that  finer  goods 
were  also  produced  there.  Josiah  Wistar,  of 
Salem,  N.  J.,  informs  me  that  Caspar  Wistar  in 
his  will  directs  that  a  certain  amount  of  window 
glass  of  specified  sizes  shall  be  annually  delivered 
to  one  of  his  children.  In  the  same  instrument 
reference  is  made  to  half-gallon  case  bottles, 
pocket  bottles  and  pint  bottles.  Gen.  Isaac  J. 
Wistar,  of  Philadelphia,  has  in  his  possession  a 
goblet,  one  of  a  dozen  now  distributed  among  the 
members  of  the  Wistar  family,  which  bears  on 
one  side  the  etched  monogram  of  Caspar  Wistar, 
and  on  the  other  a  full-length  figure  of  a  deer 
with  branching  antlers.  These  were  made  for 
the  use  of  the  founder  of  the  works,  and  have 
come  down  to  the  present  time  by  well-authenti- 
cated descent. 


*The  names  of  these  experts,  as  set  forth  in  the  contract,  were 
Simon  Kreismeir,  Caspar  Halter,  John  Martin  Halter  and  Johan 
\yilliam  Went^ell, 


14 


American  Glassware. 


Robert  Hewes,  of  Boston,  erected  a  glass 
manufactory  at  Temple,  N.  H.,  in  1779,  but  this 
enterprise  seems  to  have  been  of  short  duration. 
The  manufacture  of  glass  was  commenced  in 
Boston  in  1787.  A  factory  near  Albany,  N.  Y., 
now  Guilderland,  started  about  1792,  passed  into 
the  hands  of  the  Hamilton  Manufacturing  Com- 
pany in  1797.  The  products  were  both  bottles 
and  window  glass.  These  works  were  closed 
about  1815.  Early  in  the  present  century  glass 
was  made  at  Keene,  N.  H.  At  Columbia,  N.  J., 
an  important  window  glass  manufactory  was 
erected  about  1812,  and  at  Coventry,  Conn.,  a 
good  quality  of  hollowware  was  being  made  in 
1813. 

The  glass  industry  was  commenced  at  Pitts- 
burgh, Pa.,  in  1795,  and  it  is  stated  that  General 
O'Hara,  who  was  largely  instrumental  in  estab- 
lishing the  business  there,  left  among  his  papers 
at  his  death  a  memorandum  giving  the  date  when 
they  "made  the  first  bottle,  at  a  cost  of  thirty 
thousand  dollars.''  In  1813  there  were  five  glass 
manufactories  in  that  city,  among  which  were 
the  works  of  Denny  &  Beelen.  In  1826  the  num- 
ber of  window  glass  factories  had  increased  to 


American  Glassware. 


15 


eight,  and  in  1857  thirty-three  glass  houses  were 
in  operation.  At  the  present  time  Pittsburgh  is 
one  of  the  most  important  glass  manufacturing 
ceniters  in  the  United  States.  All  varieties  of  glass 
are  produced  there,  from  the  common  green  bot- 
tle to  the  best  quality  of  plate.  The  Pittsburgh 
Plate  Glass  Company  is  claimed  to  be  the  largest 
producer  of  plate  glass  in  the  world. 

The  oldest  glass  establishments  in  the  United 
States  that  are  still  in  operation  are  the  Dyott- 
ville  Glass  Works  of  Kensington,  PhiladelpWa, 
founded  in  1771;  the  Whitney  Glass  Works  of 
Glassboro*,  N.  J.,  established  in  1775;  the  Balti- 
more Glass  Works,  started  in  1790.  Sketches  of 
these  will  appear  in  their  proper  places. 


CHAPTER  11 
FLASKS  AND  BOTTLES 


ANTIQUE   FLASKS   AND  BOTTLES. 


For  a  period  extending  over  half  a  century, 
from  about  1808  to  1870,  the  manufacture  of 
fancy  pocket  flasks  and  bottles  was  much  in 
vogue  at  many  of  the  glass  factories  in  the  United 
States.  The  idea  was,  doubtless,  suggested  by 
the  English  potters,  who  were  producing  crockery 
for  the  American  markeft  bearing  printed  engrav- 
ings of  our  prominent  buildings  and  noted  land- 
scapes, and  portraits  of  our  public  men.  The 
gre^at  demand  for  local  decorative  subjects  seems 
to  have  offered  a  promising  field  for  the  more 
firmly  established  sister  industry  in  this  country, 
and  our  glass  makers  were  not  slow  to  avail  them- 
selves of  an  opportunity  to  increase  their  sales 
with  little  fear  of  competition  from  abroad.  In- 
vestigation has  shown  that  these  antique  objects 
were  the  products  of  American  enterprise.  They 
were  blown  in  engraved  metal  moulds,  prepared 
by  professional  mould  cutters.    As  early  as  the 

19 


20 


American  Glassware. 


first-mentioned  year  pocket  flasks  were  being 
made  by  at  least  one  establishment  in  Philadel- 
phia. 

The  coloring  of  glass  bottles  possesses  no 
c'hronological  significance,  since  practically  the 
same  tints  have  been  employed  from  the  begin- 
ning of  the  manufacture.  We  find  the  oldest 
forms  in  rich  brown  and  dark  blue,  while  some 
of  the  later  productions  appear  in  the  pale  shades 
of  green  and  greenish  blue  which  characterized 
the  first  essays  in  bottle  making.  The  ordinary 
green  or  bottle  glass  used  in  the  manufacture  of 
these  articles  obtained  its  color  from  the  alumina 
and  iron  which  are  present  as  impurities  in  the 
sand.  When  desired,  a  greenish  tint  was  ob- 
tained by  adding  a  small  quantity  of  marl  (green 
sand)  to  the  batch  or  frit ;  emerald  green  was  im- 
parted by  employing  a  greater  proportion  of 
marl; 'blue  was  produced  by  oxide  of  cobalt;  pur- 
ple, brown  or  black  by  varying  quanitities  of  oxide 
of  manganese ;  amber  and  claret  by  oxide  of  iron 
an4  manganese. 

Neither  i-s  the  capacity  of  bottles  indicative  of 
their  age,  since  nearly  all  of  the  designs  occur  in 
a  variety  of  sizes. 


American  Glassware. 


21 


The  appearaince  of  the  base  and  the  neck  of  a 
bottle  is  the  surest  test  of  its  age.  In  the  older 
forms  the  mouth  was  cut  with  shears  while  in 
a  plastic  or  soft  condition.  This  explains  the 
irregular  edge,  which  is  entirely  devoid  of  any 
rim  or  ornament.  The  base  invariably  pos- 
sessed a  rough,  circular  scar,  formed  by  break- 
ing the  bottle  from  the  pontil  or  punty  rod 
which  holds  it  while  the  workman  finishes  the 
neck.  This  scar  is  also  found  on  old  glass  pitch- 
ers and  other  mould-blown  pieces.  In  finer  work 
the  punty  mark  was  removed  by  grinding.  Be- 
tween 1850  and  i860  an  improvement  was  intro- 
duced in  the  manufacture  whereby  a  "snap"  or 
case  was  used  to  hold  the  bottle,  which  came  from 
the  mould  with  a  smooth,  hollow  base.  A  rim  or 
beading,  formed  by  a  ''tool,"  was  also  added  to 
the  mouth.  At  a  later  date  flasks  and  bottles 
were  made  with  a  plain  flat  bottom. 

The  shapes  of  the  old  designs  vary  consider- 
ably, but  those  produced  at  diflferent  periods  pos- 
sess certain  well-marked  peculiarities.  The  fol- 
lowing classification  is  suggested  for  convenience 
of  description  and  reference: 


22 


American  Glassware. 


SHAPES  OF  HISTORICAL  FLASKS  AND  BOTTLES. 

Type  I.    Slender  and  arched  in  form,  flattened 

and   shallow;   edges   horizontally  corrugated. 

Elongated  neck;  sheared  mouth;  scarred  base 

(Sometimes  more  circular  in  form,  like  No. 

32)    See  No.  33. 
Type  11.    Oval  in  form,  flattened  and  shallow; 

edges  ribbed  vertically;  sheared  moufth;  scarred 

base.    See  No.  i. 
Type  III.    Almost  circular  in  form,  flattened  and 

shallow ;  plain^  rounded  edges.    Shortened  neck ; 

sheared,  collared  or  beaded  mouth;  scarred  or 

flat  base.    See  No.  p. 
Type  IV.    Calabash,  or  decanter^  shape,  almost 

spherical;  edges  corrugated,  ribbed  or  fluted 

vertically.    Long,  slender  neck,  circular  or 

many  sided;  sloping  collar  or  cap  at  top; 

smoothly  hollowed,  or  hollowed  and  scarred 

base.    See  No.  45. 
Type  V.    Arched  in  form,  flattened  and  deep; 

edges  corrugated  vertically.    Very  broad  and 

short  neck;  narrow  round  beading  at  top; 

scarred  or  flat  base.    See  No  57. 
Type  VI.    Arched  in  form,  broad  at  shoulder 

and  narrow  at  base;  flattened  and  shallow 


American  Glassware. 


23 


(modern  flask  shape)  ;  plain  and  rounded  edges. 
Medium  neck;  single  or  double  beading  at  top; 
smoothly  hollowed  or  flat  base.  Occasionally 
sheared  mouth  and  scarred  base.    See  No.  64. 

A  collection  of  these  curious  old  bottles  is  both 
novel  and  attractive.  Their  coloring  in  many  in- 
stances is  beautiful  in  its  richness  and  variety, 
for  the  same  designs  were  made  in  sapphire  blue, 
emerald  green,  olive,  claret,  brown,  opalescent 
white,  light  green,  pale  blue  and  clear  or  trans- 
parent white.  Of  the  eighty  or  more  varieties 
which  have  thus  far  been  discovered  about  fifty 
have  been  identified;  twenty-nine  bear  repre- 
sentations of  the  American  eagle,  nineteen  are 
embellished  with  the  head  of  Washington  and 
thirteen  with  that  of  Taylor.  Among  them  all 
are  many  which  are  well  worth  preservation,  on 
account  of  the  historical  interest  which  attaches 
to  them  and  the  excellence  of  their  workman- 
ship. Divest  others  of  their  homely  associations, 
and  still  their  very  crudeness  of  design  and 
roughness  of  finish  appeal  to  us.  They  have 
served  their  purpose  and  are  made  no  more.  As 
representatives  of  a  peculiar  phase  of  one  of  the 
infant  industries  of  this  country  they  should  pos- 


24 


American  Glassware. 


sess  great  interest,  not  only  for  the  historian,  but 
for  the  collector,  the  manufacturer  and  dealer  as 
well. 

There  are  numerous  fancy  designs  in  bottles 
in  the  forms  of  men,  animals,  fishes,  shells,  vio- 
lins, pistols.  A  wine  bottle  which  has  been  re- 
cently seen  bears  around  its  circumference  six  or 
eight  arched  panels  enclosing  relief  figures  of 
apostles  or  priests.  While  these  are  being  col- 
lected by  certain  enthusiasts,  they  scarcely  come 
within  the  scope  of  this  work,  on  account  of  their 
uncertain  origin  and  recent  date. 


CHAPTER  III 
ON  THE  IDENTIFICATION  OF  OLD  GLASSWARE 


ON  THE  IDENTIFICATION 
OF  OLD  GLASSWARE. 


Little  is  known  of  the  early  history  of  the 
glass  industry  in  this  country,  and  still  less  of 
the  products  of  the  early  factories.  The  greatest 
difficulty,  encountered  at  the  outset,  is  the  seem- 
ing impossibility  of  procuring  fully  authenticated 
pieces  of  glassware  of  American  manufacture. 
Unlike  china,  glass  was  seldom  marked,  and  we 
find  little  to  guide  us  save  the  statements  made 
by  owners  of  examples  which  can  be  traced  back 
to  their  original  sources.  In  the  majority  of  in- 
stances such  statements  are  untrustworthy,  as 
they  are  based  solely  on  family  tradition.  An- 
tique designs  can  sometimes  be  identified  by  visit- 
ing those  factories  yet  in  operation  which  have 
a  history,  where  some  of  the  ancient  records  and 
moulds  may  still  be  found,  or  by  hunting  up  the 
few  surviving  glass  mould  makers  who  can  throw 
light  upon  the  subject.    I  happen  to  have  in  my 

27 


28 


American  Glassware. 


possession  an  old-fashioned  globular  whiskey 
or  molasses  bottle,  which  bears  on  one  side  a 
raised  half-length  figure  of  Louis  Kossuth,  the 
Hungarian  exile,  surrounded  by  flags  and  dra- 
pery, and  on  the  reverse  a  representation  of  a 
steamship,  the  side  wheel  of  which  contains  the 
name  ''S.  Hufifsey/'  Beneath  this  design  is  the 
inscription,  ''U.  S.  Steam  Frigate  Mississippi, 
S.  Huflfsey/'  There  appeared  to  be  nothing  on 
this  which  would  indicate  where  it  was  produced, 
until  some  indistinct  relief  lettering  was  observed 
on  the  base  which,  on  careful  examination, 
proved  to  be  'Th.  Doflein,  N.  5th  St.  84/' 
This  was  a  clue  which  suggested  a  reference  to 
the  Philadelphia  City  Directory,  where  the  name 
of  Philip  Doflein,  mould  maker,  was  found,  but 
with  a  dififerent  address.  Mr.  Doflein  was  hunted 
up,  however,  and  was  found  in  the  rear  of  the 
address  indicated.  The  metallic  mould  for  this 
flask  proved  to  have  been  made  by  him  forty-five 
years  before,  on  the  occasion  of  Kossuth's  visit 
to  America,  for  S.  Huflfsey,  who  was  then  a  glass 
manufacturer  in  Philadelphia.  It  will  be  remem- 
bered that  Kossuth  embarked  from  Asia  for  this 
country  in  1851  in  the  "Mississippi.'' 


American  Glassware, 


29 


With  this  hint  as  a  staiting  point,  and  the 
knowledge  that  such  pieces  had  actually  been 
made  in  this  country,  it  became  comparatively 
easy  to  trace  the  history  of  other  designs  which 
had  been  supposed  to  be  of  English  origin.  At 
the  Whitney  Glass  Works,  Glassboro',  N.  J.,  an 
old  metallic  bottle  mould  was  unearthed  which 
belonged  to  the  same  period.  It  had  been  used 
in  1850  and  1851  for  making  the  same  type  of 
bottle  with  a  raised  bust  of  Jenny  Lind  on  one 
side  and  a  view  of  the  glass  works  on  the  other. 
During  the  unexampled  furore  created  by  the 
appearance  of  this  singer  in  America,  in  those 
years,  her  name  was  largely  used  to  advertise  the 
wares  and  productions  of  merchants,  manufac- 
turers and  even  fruit  growers.  It  may  be  re- 
membered by  some  yet  living  that  the  first  seat 
sold  in  New  York  for  her  first  concert  brought 
the  enormous  sum  of  $225,  and  subsequently 
tickets  were  sold  at  auction  in  Boston  and  Phila- 
delphia for  $625  each,  and  in  Providence  the 
first  seat  brought  $650.  The  opening  series  of 
six  concerts  which  she  gave  at  Castle  Garden, 
New  York,  under  the  management  of  P.  T.  Bar- 
num,   resulted   in   receipts   aggregating  more 


30 


American  Glassware. 


than  $100,000.  Her  tour  of  triumph  through  the 
States  made  her  name  a  household  word,  and  the 
people,  in  consequence,  bought  with  avidity  any 
souvenirs  which  bore  it. 

Between  the  years  1840  and  1850  there  seems 
to  have  been  a  remiarkable  competition  in  glass 
making  in  some  sections  of  the  Eastern  States, 
and  Philadelphia,  in  particular,  was  an  important 
glass  manufacturing  center.  Throughout  the 
neighboring  counties,  .therefore,  an  abundance 
of  old  designs  can  still  be  found,  many  of  which 
can  be  traced  to  their  original  source.  In  nearly 
every  farmhouse  one  may  find  examples  of  old 
bottles  with  curious  designs,  patriotic,  political 
and  Masonic,  which  are  usually  stored  away  in 
the  cupboard,  filled  with  brandied  cherries,  vine- 
gar, molasses,  boneset  tea  and  other  medicinal 
concoctions. 

The  Mexican  War  gave  rise  to  many  special 
devices  in  glass  bottles  and  other  household  ar- 
ticles. Familiar  to  many,  probably,  are  the  old- 
time  canteen-shaped  flasks  bearing  on  one  side 
a  head  of  Washington  inscribed  'The  Father  of 
His  Country,"  and  on  the  other  a  portrait  of 
Zachary  Taylor  with  the  words,  "Gen.  Taylor 


American  Glassware, 


31 


Never  Surrenders."  These  are  supposed  to  have 
first  appeared  about  1848,  and  it  has  been  ascer- 
tained, through  occasional  examples  which  bear 
the  name  of  the  factory,  that  they  originated  in 
Kensington,  Philadelphia,  at  what  are  now 
known  as  the  Dyottville  Glass  Works,  which 
were  established  in  177 1. 

Among  things  of  this  sort  which  have  turned 
up  is  a  flask  of  rich,  dark  blue  glass,  bearing  on 
one  side  the  head  of  Gen.  Washington  and  on 
the  other  an  alleged  portrait  of  Capt.  Braxton 
Bragg,  a  prominent  American  officer  who  won 
distinction  at  the  battle  of  Buena  Vista,  which 
was  fought  in  1847  between  the  American  army, 
led  by  Gen.  Zachary  Taylor,  and  the  Mexican 
forces,  headed  by  Santa  Ana.  The  signal  victory 
of  the  Americans  over  vastly  superior  numbers 
brought  out  many  commemorative  souvenirs  of 
various  kinds,  which  were  sold  extensively 
throughout  the  country.  By  comparing  this  de- 
sign with  the  preceding,  it  is  safe  to  assume  that 
it  also  was  made  at  the  Dyottville  Works. 
Around  the  relief  portrait  is  the  inscription  in 
raised  lettering,  ''A  little  more  grape,  Capt. 
Bragg." 


32  American  Glassware, 


After  a  few  pieces  have  been  positively  identi- 
fied as  having  been  made  at  certain  factories, 
others,  by  careful  comparison,  can  be  traced  to 
the  same  source.  Each  factory  where  such  ob- 
jects were  produced  had  its  peculiar  forms,  which 
differed  in  some  of  their  details  from  those  pro- 
duced at  other  establishments.  The  difference 
might  be  in  contour,  in  the  length  of  the  neck,  in 
the  character  of  the  corrugations  or  ribs  on  the 
edge  or  in  some  other  minor  point. 

Among  the  oldest  forms  of  decorated  glass 
bottles  or  flasks  known  to  have  been  made  in  the 
United  States  is  one  which  bears  a  relief  design 
representing  the  first  railroad.  The  device  shows 
a  horse  drawing  a  four-wheeled  car  along  a  rail. 
The  vehicle  is  piled  full  of  bales,  lumps  of  coal  or 
packages  of  freight.  Around  the  margin  of  the 
panel  is  the  inscription,  ^'Success  to  the  Rail- 
road.'' Several  of  the  first  railroads  in  this  coun- 
try were  built  for  the  transportation  of  stone  and 
coal,  and  were  only  a  few  miles  in  length.  The 
cars  were  drawn  by  horses,  as  shown  in  the 
moulded  relief.  It  is  probable  that  this  very  in- 
teresting object  was  produced  at  the  Kensington 
Glass  Works,  Philadelphia,  which  preceded  the 


American  Glassware,  33 

Dyottville  Works.  The  character  of  the  glass, 
the  color,  t'he  shape  and  the  peculiar  mould 
markings,  as  compared  with  named  examples, 
point  to  such  an  origin.  The  horse  antedated 
the  locomotive  as  a  motive  power.  It  is  said 
that  there  is  another  design  showing  the  earliest 
form  of  steam  engine,  but  on  investigation  what 
was  supposed  to  be  a  locomotive  turns  out  to  be 
a  horse,  and  it  is  quite  doubtful  if  such  a  design 
was  ever  produced.  Sometimes  but  one  side  of 
the  flask  is  decorated,  but  frequently  the  pattern 
occurs  on  both. 

The  earliest  of  the  designs  which  are  known 
to  us  could  not  have  been  made  previous  to  1825. 
By  far  the  greater  number  were  produced  about 
1848  to  1852.  In  the  light  of  our  present  knowl- 
edge of  the  subject,  it  is  highly  amusing  to  read 
the  frequently  published  accounts  of  remarkable 
discoveries  of  Washington  and  Taylor  flasks,  and 
other  comparatively  recent  designs,  embedded  in 
the  foundations  of  buildings  and  stone  walls 
which  were  erected  more  than  a  hundred  years 
ago. 


CHAPTER  IV 


SKETCHES  OF  GLASS  FACTORIES  ESTABLISHED 
BEFORE  1800,  AND  THEIR  PRODUCTS 


SKETCHES  OF  GLASS  FACTORIES  ESTABLISHED 
BEFORE  1800,  AND  THEIR  PRODUCTS. 


Manheim,  Pa. 

Glass  Works  of  Baron  S  tie  gel. 

Among  the  first  successful  glass  works  in  the 
United  States  of  consequence  were  those  estab- 
lished at  Manheim,  Lancaster  county,  Pa.,  by 
Baron  Winiam  Henry  Stiegel,  about  the  year 
1769,  and  several  excellent  examples  of  his  work, 
consisting  of  richly  colored  bowls  and  goblets, 
possessing  the  clear,  resonant  ring  of  the  finest 
glassware  of  Bohemia,  are  now  owned  by  local 
antiquaries.  It  is  stated  that  his  glass  house  was 
built  of  brick,  in  the  form  of  a  dome  whose  di- 
mensions wxre  so  great  that  a  coach  and  six 
horses  could  enter  the  doorway  and  turn  around 
in  the  enclosure.  He  brought  skilled  workmen 
from  the  best  factories  of  Europe,  and  the  wares 
produced,  after  the  most  improved  methods  of 
the  first  glass  makers  of  the  period,  found  their 
way  into  the  homes  of  the  wealthier  men  of  that 
day. 

Baron  Stiegel  came  from  Mannheim,  Germany, 
37 


38  American  Glassware, 


in  1750,  and  twelve  years  later  he  laid  out  the 
Pennsylvania  village  which  bears  the  same  name. 
He  was  also  a  prominent  iron  master,  and  quaint 
stoves  of  his  manufacture  are  still  in  existence. 
In  1772,  at  the  height  of  his  prosperity,  he  deeded 
a  plot  of  ground  to  the  Lutheran  congregation, 
in  consideration  of  the  annual  payment  thereafter 
of  one  red  rose.  It  was  demanded  but  twice  dur- 
ing the  Baron's  lifetime,  but  recently  the  custom 
has  been  revived  by  some  of  his  descendants. 
The  celebration  of  the  Feast  of  Roses  in  the 
month  of  June  is  an  event  of  great  interest  which 
attracts  widespread  attention  and  draws  crowds 
of  people  from  the  surrounding  country  and 
neighboring  towns.  In  his  palmiest  days  the 
Baron  lived  in  considerable  pomp  and  splendor. 
He  erected  a  fine,  large  mansion  in  the  midst  of 
extensive  grounds,  and  as  he  rode  home  at  sun- 
set, after  spending  the  day  in  superintending  his 
various  enterprises,  he  was  accustomed  to  be 
saluted  at  the  entrance  of  his  park  by  the  firing 
of  cannon.  In  1774  he  failed  in  business,  and  it 
is  said  that  he  was  soon  afterward  cast  into 
prison  for  debt.  The  old  Stiegel  house,  built  of 
red  and  black  bricks,  is  still  standing  in  the  heart 
of  the  town,  and  some  of  the  hand-painted  Dutch 
tiles  from  one  of  the  fireplaces  may  be  seen  in  the 


American  Glassware, 


39 


rooms  of  the  Pennsylvania  Historical  Society, 
Philadelphia. 

Philadelphia,  Pa.,  Kensington. 
The  glass  works  at  Kensington  are  claimed  to 
be  the  oldest  of  the  kind  in  the  United  States  that 
are  still  in  active  operation.  Tliey  were  estab- 
lished in  1771  by  Robert  Towars  and  James  Lea- 
cock,  and  in  1783  they  were  taken  over  by 
Thomas  Leiper.  From  1803  to  1833  they  were 
operated  by  James  Rowland  &  Co.  In  the  latter 
year  Dr.  Thomas  W.  Dyott  became  the  owner 
and  continued  in  possession  for  about  four  years. 
Henry  Seybert  was  the  proprietor  from  1842  to 
1844,  when  the  works  passed  into  the  hands  of 
Henry  B.  Benners,  S.  Decatur  Smith  and  Quin- 
ton  Campbell,  Jr.  From  1870  to  1889  Mr.  Ben- 
ners was  sole  proprietor,  and  latterly  the  business 
has  been  carried  on  by  his  estate,  under  the  super- 
intendence of  Albert  H.  Parke,  whose  connection 
with  the  establishment  has  extended  over  a 
period  of  more  than  forty  years.  Mr.  Parke  is 
autliority  for  the  statement  that  most  of  the  fancy 
bottle  moulds  at  the  Dyottville  Works  were  made 
by  Stacy  Wilson,  and  later  by  George  H.  Myers, 


40 


American  Glasszvare, 


Previous  to  1833,  when  Dr.  Dyott  took  charge, 
the  factory  was  known  as  'the  Kensington  Glass 
Works;  the  name  was  then  changed  to  the  Dyott- 
ville  Glass  Works,  which  has  been  retained  to 
the  present  time.  The  products  of  the  works  are 
carboys,  demijohns  and  flasks  and  bottles  of 
every  description. 

After  Dr.  Dyott's  time,  the  old  title,  ''Kensing- 
ton Glass  Works,"  appears  to  have  been  used  for 
another  factory  which  was  operated  by  Messrs. 
Sheets  &  Duffy.  Similar  goods  were  produced 
there  for  a  time. 

Kensington  Glass  Works, 

1.  Horse  and  loaded  wagon 

on  rails  (lengthwise).  In- 
scription,— ''Success  to 
the  Railroad."  Reverse, 
— the  same.    Type  II. 

2.  Horse  and  loaded  wagon 

on  rails  (lengthwise).  In- 
scription,— "Success  to 
the  Railroad."  Reverse, 
— no  design.    Type  II.  No.  i. 


BENJAMliN   I  RAiMvLlN 
Kensington  Glass  Works,  Philadelphia 
(See  No.  5) 


American  Glassware, 


41 


3.  Horse  and  loaded  waggon  on  rails  (length- 

wise). Inscription, — "Success  to  the  Rail- 
road/' Reverse, — American  eagle  and 
stars.    Type  II. 

4.  ''Benjamin  Franklin''  (bust).    Reverse, — ''T. 

W.  Dyott,  M.D.''  (bust).  Inscriptions 
around  edge, — '^Eripiiit  Ccelo  Fulmen  Seep- 
trnmque  Tyrannis''^  (He  snatches  from 
the  Sky  the  Thunderbolt  and  the  Sceptre 
from  Tyrants).  ''Kensington  Glass  Works, 
Philadelphia."    Type  II. 

5.  "Benjamin  Franklin"  (bust).    Reverse, — "T. 

W.  Dyott,  M.D."  (bust).  Inscriptions 
around  edge, — "Where  Liberty  Dwells 
There  is  My  Country.''  "Kensington 
Glass  Works,  Philadelphia."    Type  II. 

6.  Washing-ton    (bust,  front 

face);  "General Washing- 
ton." Reverse, — Ameri- 
can eagle  with  shield, 
arrows  and  olive  branch, 
standing  on  oval  frame 
which  contains  the  ini- 
tials "T.W.  D."  (Thomas 
W.  Dyott).  Inscriptions 
around       edge, — "Ken-  No.  6. 

♦Note.— This  motto,  so  frequently  applied  to  Franklin,  has  been 
attributed  to  Turgot,  the  celebrated  French  statesman,  who  died  in 


42 


American  Glassware, 


sington  Glass  Works,  Philadelphia." 
''Adams  and  Jefferson,  July  4,  A.  D.  1776/' 
Type  11. 

7.  Washington  (same  bust  as  preceding);  ''Gen- 

eral Washington."  Reverse, — Masonic  de- 
vice, arch,  pillars,  pavement,  sheaf  of 
wheat  and  tools.    Type  II. 

8.  American    eagle    on    shield.     Reveise, — 

United  States  flag.  Inscription, — "For 
Our  Country."    Type  II. 


Dyottville  Glass  Works, 

9.  Washington  (bust);  "The 
Father  of  His  Country." 
Reverse, — Taylor  (bust) ; 
"Gen.  Taylor  Never  Sur- 
renders." Inscription, — 
"Dyottville  Glass  Works, 
Philadeli^hia."    Type  III. 

10.  Washington    and  Taylor. 

Same,  without  inscription. 
Type  III.  No.  9. 

11.  Washington   (bust);  "The  Father  of  His 

Country."    Reverse, — Taylor   (bust);  "I 


American  Glassware,  43 

Have  Endeavoured  to  Do  My  Duty/' 
Type  III. 

12.  Washington  (bust);  'The  Father  of  His 

Country/'  Reverse, — Taylor  (bust);  ''I 
Have  Endeavoured  to  Do  My  Duty." 
Different  busts  from  preceding,  and  in 
large  circular  frame.    Type  HI. 

13.  Washington  (bust);  "The  Father  of  His 

Country."  Reverse, — ''Gen.  Z.  Taylor." 
Type  HI. 

14.  Washington  (bust).   Reverse, — Taylor  (bust). 

No'  inscriptions.    Type  HI. 

15.  Washington    (bust);  'The 

Father  of  His  Country." 
Reverse, — (bust);  "A  Lit- 
tle More  Grape  Captain 
Bragg."    Type  HI. 

16.  "Washington"   (bust).  Re- 

verse,— "G.  Z.  Taylor" 
(bust).  The  G.  preceding 
Washington  has  evidently 
been  misplaced.  Type  HI.  ^5- 

17.  Taylor  (bust)  ;  "Rough  and  Ready."  Reverse, 

—"Major  Ringgold"  (bust).    Type  II. 


44 


American  Glassware. 


1 8.  American  eagle  and  shield,  arrows  and  olive 
branch.  Reverse, — Masonic  design,  arch, 
pillars,  pavement,  sheaf  of  wheat  and  tools. 
No  inscriptions.    Type  II. 


Glassboro',  N.  J. 

In  1775  the  Stanger  Brothers  erected  a  glass 
factory  in  Gloucester  county,  N.  J.,  at  a  point 
which  afterwards  received  the  name  of  Glass- 
boro'.  Messrs.  Rink,  Stanger  &  Co.  established 
new  works  on  the  site  of  the  present  plant  in 
18 1 3,  and  during  the  next  twenty-five  years  there 
were  several  dhanges  in  ownership.  In  1837 
Thomas  H.  Whitney  purchased  the  business  and 
in  1840  took  his  brother,  Samuel  A.  Whitney, 
into  partnership  under  the  firm  name  of  Whitney 
Brothers.  A  company  was  incorporated  in  1887 
under  the  title  of  the  Whitney  Glass  Works. 
For  a  long  period  of  years,  to  the  present  time, 
they  have  been  one  of  the  most  important  estab- 
lishments of  the  kind  in  this  country.  During 
the  presidential  campaign  of  1840,  the  Whitney 
Brothers  manufactured  large  numbers  of  whiskey 
bottles,  in  dark  brown  glass,  in  the  form  of  a  log 


American  Glassware. 


45 


cabin.  They  were  made  for  an  enterprising 
liquor  merchant  in  Philadelphia,  and  occasionally 
one  of  these  interesting  souvenirs  still  comes  to 
light. 

One  of  the  most  characteristic  shapes  in  flasks 
is  what  is  known  as  the  ''J^^^Y  Lind,''  with 
globular  body  and  long,  slender  neck.  This  type 
of  bottle  originated  in  the  year  1850,  when  the 
great  singer  came  to  America.  At  first  they  were 
embellished  with  a  relief  portrait  of  the  cantatrice, 
but  subsequently  various  other  designs  were 
placed  upon  them,  when  other  firms  began  to 
make  them.  Among  numerous  other  designs 
produced  by  the  Whitneys  were  inkstands  in  the 
forms  of  bee-hives,  log  cabins  and  cider  barrels, 
all  relating  to  the  memorable  Harrison  campaign 
of  1840. 

For  several  years  after  the  Civil  War,  tokens 
or  small  metal  coins  were  issued  by 
these  works  as  advertisements,  re- 
/^(^^S)"!^'  deemable  in  goods.    One  of  these 
bears  on  its  face  the  figure  of  a 
\§^rr^/    wicker-covered    carboy    or  glass 
demijohn  and  on  the  back  the  in- 
scription ''Due  Bearer  in  Mdze.  at  our  Store  One 
Cent.    Whitney  Bros.  1869." 


46 


American  Glassware. 


Mr.  John  P.  Whitney,  president  of  the  com- 
pany, has  in  his  possession  a  water  color  painting 
execiiited  in  1847,  showing  the  works  as  they  ap- 
peared at  that  date.  The  view  shows  tht  two 
glass  houses  with  their  adjoining  batch  houses, 
and  cord  wood  piled  in  front  for  the  kilns.  In 
those  days  no  other  fuel  was  used  for  melting 
glass.  Back  of  these  stood  the  store,  the  packing 
house,  the  sand  houses  and  other  structures. 

It  is  interesting  to  know  that  the  original  metal 
mould,  in  which  the  *'Jmny  Lind''  bc^ttles  were 
blown,  is  still  in  existence,  a  valuable  relic  of  this 
era  of  industrial  activity  in  the  United  States. 

Whitney  Glass  Works. 
'7enny  Lind*'  (bust),  in 
wreath. ,  Reverse, — ^view  of 
glass  factory.  Type  IV. 
Fisherman  wearing  high  hat; 
house  and  windmill  in  dis- 
tance. Reverse, — gunnei^ 
in  high  hat,  shooting 
birds;  two  dogs  at  his  feet. 
Type  IV. 


19 


20. 


No.  19. 


American  Glassware,  47 


21.  Log  cabin  whiskey  bottle, 
moulded  in  shape  of 
house.  On  one  end 
inscription, — ''120  Wal- 
nut St.  Philadelphia.'^ 
Date  ''1840''  on  front  of 
roof.  At  back,— 'E. 
G.  Booz's  Old  Cabinet 
Whiskey." 


Baltimore,  Md. 
The  present  proprietors  of  the  Baltimore  Glass 
Works,  Messrs  Baker  Brothers  &  Co.,  are 
authority  for  the  statement  that  a  branch  of  their 
establishment  was  started  in  1790  on  an  arm  of 
the  Patapsco  river,  known  as  Spring  Gardens. 
These  works,  situated  at  the  foot  of  Eutaw  street, 
Baltimore,  are  at  the  present  time  idle,  but  not 
closed. 

The  Baltimore  Glass  Works  were  established 
at  about  the  same  time,  and  are  still  in  active 
operation  at  Federal  Hill,  Hughes  street.  Both 
factories  are  under  one  management.  Many  of 
the  designs  produced  at  the  Baltimore  Glass 


48  American  Glassware, 


Works  bear  a  representaition  of  the  Battle  Monu- 
ment which  stands  in  the  center  of  Monument 
Square. 

Another  glass  manufactory  was  operated  in 
Baltimore  by  John  Lee  Chapman  about  1850. 
It  was  called  the  Maryland  Glass  Works,  and 
located  at  the  corner  of  Lancaster  and  Caroline 
streets.  I  have  not  succeeded  in  identifying  any 
flask  designs  as  having  been  made  here,  but 
future  investigation  may  show  that  some  of  the 
patterns  credited  to  the  Baltimore  Glass  Works 
in  the  following  list  were  produced  at  the  Chap- 
man factory. 

Spring  Garden  Glass  Works. 

22.  Log  cabin,  with  tree  to  right.    Reverse, — 

anchor  with  scroll  bearing  inscription, — 
''Spring  Garden  Glass  Works.''    Type  VL 

23.  Log  cabin.    Same  design.    Blank  label  at 

bottom  of  both  sides.    Type  VL 

Baltimore  Glass  Works. 

24.  ''Washingiton''  in  large  letters  (large  bust 

with  queue).  Reverse, — Taylor  (large 
head).  Inscription, — ''Baltimore  Glas^ 
Work^''    Type  II. 


American  Glassware. 


49 


25.  Ear  of  corn.    Inscription, — "Corn  for  the 

World/'  Reverse, — monument,  over  word 
"Baltimore."    Type  III. 

26.  Washington  (bust);  "Feirs'^  above,  "Point'' 

below.  Reverse, — monument,  over  word 
"Balt^"    Type  II. 

27.  Taylor  (large  head);  "Genl 

Taylor."  Reverse, — monu- 
ment and  v/ords  "Fell's 
Point  Balto."    Type  II. 

28.  Taylor    (bust)    and  words 

"Fell's  Point."  Reverse, 
— ^monument  and  word 
"Balto."    Type  II. 

29.  Ship.  Reverse, — monument. 

Type  11. 


CHAPTER  V 

SKETCHES  OF  GLASS  FACTORIES  ESTABLISHED 
SINCE  1800 


SKETCHES  OF  GLASS  FACTORIES  ESTABLISHED 
SINCE  1800,  AND  THEIR  PRODUCTS. 


Columbia,  N.  J. 
A  WINDOW  glass  factory  was  established  at 
Columbia,  N.  J.,  on  Uhe  Delaware  river,  about 
ten  miles  from  Belvidere,  in  v/hat  is  now  Warren 
county,  some  time  about  1812  or  1813,  which  ran 
until  about  the  year  1833.  We  do  not  know  that 
hollowware  was  made  there,  yet  the  factory 
must  have  been  an  important  one  in  its  day,  since 
Thomas  Birch,  the  artist,  considered  it  of  suf- 
ficient interest  to  form  the  subject  of  one  of  his 
paintings.  The  view  here  shown  is  taken  from 
an  old  engraving  by  Strickland,  after  Birch's  pic- 
ture. On  tllie  right  will  be  seen  the  glass  house, 
situated  at  the  lower  end  of  the  town,  while  at 
the  left  the  celebrated  Water  Gap  is  shown,  which 
lies  four  or  five  miles  to  the  northward.  In  the 
foreground  is  introduced  one  of  those  curious  old 
river  craft,  now  long  extinct,  known  as  the  ''Dur- 
ham"  boat,  showing  four  ''pikemen''  braced 

53 


54  American  Glassware. 


against  their  poles  or  pikes,  forcing  the  boa;t  up 
the  stream,  and  tihe  captain  seated  in  the  stem, 
rudder  in  hand.  The  name  was  derived  from  the 
old  Durham  furnace,  which  stood  not  far  distant 
from  the  bank  of  ithe  river,  some  ten  miles  below 
Easton,  Pa.,  where  these  boats  originated.  They 
were  in  use  as  early  as  about  1750  and  were  first 
employed  in  transporting  the  products  of  the 
furnace — its  old  plate  stoves  and  other  manu- 
factures— ^to  Philadelphia  and  bringing  back  sup- 
plies. It  is  said  that  the  crown  glass  for  win- 
dow lights,  made  at  the  Columbia  Works,  was  of 
a  superior  quality. 

The  following  advertisement,  from  the  files  of 
the  Easton  (Pa.)  Centinel,  has  been  sent  to  me  by 
Mr.  Ethan  Allen  Weaver,  secretary  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania Society  of  the  Sons  of  the  Revolution: 

"Notice. 

*The  Columbia  Glass  Works  will  commence 
the  blast  in  the  month  of  August  next,  when  or- 
ders will  be  received  for  all  sizes  of  Window  Glass 
and  executed  by 

^'Abraham  Piesch. 

'7une  21,  1822.'' 


American  Glassware.  55 

ROCKVILLE,  Pa. 
The  manufacture  of  glass  was  carried  on  at 
Rockville,  Pa.,  as  early  as  18 15.  It  is  believed 
that  window  glass  only  was  made  there.  The 
following  advertisement,  which  appeared  in  the 
issue  of  ''Spirit  of  Pennsylvania,''  Easton,  Pa.,  of 
September  i,  181 5,  has  been  furnished  by  Mr. 
Weaver: 

WANTED 
AT  ROCKVILLE  GLASS  WORKS, 
Eight  Miles  above  Milford, 
On  the  Delaware: 
Three  or  four  steady  men  to  drive  team.    Also,  a  num- 
ber of  workmen,  acquainted  with  cutting,  sawing  and 
splitting  wood,  and  other  work — to  whom  liberal  wages 
will  be  given.    For  particulars  apply  to  the  manager  at 
the  works.  Ridgway  &  Co. 

Rockville  Glass  Works,  September  i. 


Coventry,  Conn. 
A  sitock  company  was  organized  in  Coventry, 
Conn.,  in  1813  by  several  residents  of  that  place 
for  the  manufacture  of  glassware,  and  Nathaniel 
Root,  Jr.,  was  appointed  agent.  The  first  prod- 
ucts of  the  factory  were  tumblers  and  decanters, 


56  American  Glassware, 

and  later  pint  flasks  and  larger  bottles,  snuff  can- 
nisters  and  inkstands  were  produced.  The  busi- 
ness was  carried  on  under  the  same  management 
until  about  1820,  when  it  passed  into  other 
hands.  During  the  following  ten  years  the  works 
were  operated  by  Thomas  Stebbins  and  his  suc- 
cessors, Stebbins  &  Chamberlin.  About  the  year 
1830  Gilbert  Turner  &  Co.  purchased  the  plant 
and  continued  in  possession  until  about  1848, 
when,  on  account  of  the  scarcity  of  wood,  the 
w-crks  were  closed. 

Several  interesting  old  flask  designs  are  known 
which  bear  the  name  of  the  town  and  the  initials 
of  the  manufacturers, — T.  S.  (Thomas  Stebbins) 
and  S.  &  C.  (Stebbins  &  Chamberlin).  They  are 
among  the  earliest  designs  of  the  kind  produced 
in  the  United  States.  Those  with  portraits  of 
General  Lafayette  and  De  Witt  Clinton,  Gov- 
ernor of  New  York,  were  made  in  commemora- 
tion of  the  opening  of  the  Erie  Canal  in  1825,  on 
which  occasion  these  prominent  men  were  pres- 
ent. The  flasks  occur  in  a  variety  of  colors, — 
dark  brown,  emerald  green,  white  and  sapphire 
blue, — brown  being  the  most  common.    The  lat^ 


American  Glassware. 


57 


Mr.  Nathaniel  Root,  of  Newington,  Conn.,  a  son 
of  the  first  agent  of  the  company,  had  in  his  pos- 
session a  number  of  interesting  examples  of  the 
ware  produced  at  Coventry,  including  a  straight 
tumbler,  square  snuff  bottles  and  some  globular 
decanters,  all  in  brown  glass;  a  tall  vase  with 
spherical  body  and  long,  slender  neck,  wound 
from  the  mouth  halfway  down  with  a  spiral, 
snake-like  ornament,  in  green  glass,  and  a  curi- 
ously shaped  four-sided  bottle  with  upper  and 
lower  compartments  connected  by  five  separate 
twisted  tubes,  which  allow  the  free  passage  of  the 
contents.  A  similar  vessel  of  Danish  workman- 
ship may  be  seen  in  the  Pennsylvania  Museum, 
Philadelphia.  He  had  also  preserved  examples 
of  phials,  jars  and  other  receptacles  of  various 
shapes  for  the  use  of  apothecaries,  which  were 
manufactured  there  extensively,  a  spherical  car- 
boy of  greenish  color  and  a  large  brown  bottle 
with  four  oval  sides,  surmounted  by  a  small 
mouth. 

The  materials  used  at  the  Coventry  factory 
were  white  and  red  sand,  obtained  in  the  vicinity, 
wood  aslies  and  salt^ 


58  American  Glassware, 


Coventry,  Conn.  ("T.  S.") 

30.  'Lafayette"  (bust);  initials  'T.  S."  below. 

Reverse— "De  Witt  Clinton"  (bust).  In- 
scription,— ''Coventry  C — ^T."  below. 
Edges  of  flask  corrugated  horizontally. 
Type  1. 

31.  Lafayette  and  Clinton,  same  design.  The 

"D"  in  "De  Witt"  reversed.    Type  I. 

32.  American  eagle;  shield  on  breast;  scroll 

above.  Reverse, — same  device.  Edges 
corrugated  horizontally.    Type  1. 

Coventry,  Conn.  ("S.  &  C") 

33.  ''Lafayette"    (bust);  ini- 

tials "S.  &  C."  below. 
Reverse,— "DeWittClin- 
ton"  (bust);  -C— T"  be- 
low (Connecticut).  Edges 
corrugated  horizontally. 
Type  I. 

Coventry,  Conn. 

34.  "Lafayette"    (same  bust). 

Reverse, — Masonic  pave- 
ment and  arch,  enclosing 


No.  33. 


American  Glassware.  59 

emblem's  (Bible,  square,  compass  and  tri- 
angle). Type  I,  without  corrugaitions  on 
edges. 


West  Wiixington,  Conn. 

While  Gilbert  Turner  &  Co.  were  operating  the 
Coventry  works  (1830  to  1848),  they  also  became 
interested  in  a  similar  enterprise  at  West  Willing- 
ton,  Conn.,  under  the  name  of  the  Willington 
Glass  Co.  Among  those  identified  with  this  ven- 
ture were  R.  B.  Chamberlin,  Elisha  Johnson  and 
Dea.  Turner.  On  April  19,  1847,  these  parties 
sold  out  to  a  new  company  composed  of  Harvey 
Merrick,  Elisha  Carpenter,  William  Still,  William 
Shaffer,  Frank  Shaffer  and  James  McFarlane. 
The  latter  concern  carried  on  the  business  until 
1872. 

Here  were  made  hollow  wares,  such  as  bottles, 
jars,  etc.  The  greater  portion  of  the  products 
were  of  black  and  green  glass,  but  purple,  white, 
brown  and  amber  goods  were  also  produced. 

Some  of  the  same  people  also  established  glass 
works  at  Ellenville,  Ulster  county,  N.  Y.,  about 
1848. 


6o 


American  Glassware, 


Willington  Glass  Co, 

35.  American  eagle  and  shield  with  word  ''Lib- 

erty." Reverse, — ''Willington  Glass  Co., 
West  Willington,  Conn."    Type  II. 

36.  Urn  containing  wheat.    Type  II. 


Hammonton,  N.  J. 

In  1820  a  window  glass  factory  was  established 
at  Hammonton,  N.  J.,  by  William  Cofifin,  with 
whom  was  associated  for  a  year  or  two  Jonathan 
Haines.  At  the  expiration  of  that  time  the  lat- 
ter sold  out  his  interest. 

In  1836  the  works  were  taken  by  Bodine  Cof- 
fin, a  son  of  the  founder,  and  Andrew  K.  Hay, 
under  the  style  of  Cofifin  &  Hay,  who  operated 
the  factory  for  two  or  three  years.  They  added 
a  hollow  ware  department  and  commenced  the 
manufacture  of  bottles  and  flasks.  At  the  end 
of  that  period,  William  Coffin  again  took  charge 
and  for  the  next  five  or  six  years  produced  win- 
dow glass  only.  At  his  death,  in  1844,  his  two 
sons,  J.  H.  and  E.  W.  Cofifin,  succeeded  to  tlie 
business.  About  three  years  la'ter  the  latter  sold 
out  his  interest  and  J.  H.  Coffin  continued  the 
manufacture  alone  until  1857  or  1858. 


American  Glassware, 


6i 


Ornamented  flasks  were  made  here  only  dur- 
ing the  years  i836-'38.  Mr.  E.  W.  Coffin  has  in- 
formed me  that  a  number  of  patriotic  designs 
were  produced,  but  only  one  has  thus  far  come 
to  light. 

CoiHn  &  Hay. 
37.  American  eagle  with  shield  on  breast,  stand- 
ing on  ellipitical  medallion,  with  olive 
branch  and  arrows  in  talons.  Reverse, — ■ 
United  States  flag  and  inscription, — ''Cof- 
fin &  Hay,  Hammonton."    Type  11. 


Waterford,  N.  J. 

The  manufacture  of  window  glass  was  carried 
on  at  Waterford,  Camden  county,  N.  J.,  as  early 
as  about  i825-'3o.  At  a  later  period  glass  bot- 
tles were  made  here.  The  original  proprietor  of 
the  works  was  Jonathan  Haines,  who  had  pre- 
viously been  in  partnership  for  a  time  with  Wil- 
liam Coffin,  at  Hammonton,  N.  J.  The  works 
were  afterwards  operaited  by  Porter,  Shreve  & 
Co.,  who  continued  in  business  until  some  time 
after  1850.    After  the  death  of  Mr.  Porter  other 


62 


American  Glassware, 


parties  carried  on  the  manufacture  until  about 
1875  to  1880. 

38.  American  eagle,  scroll,  shield  and  arrows; 
poimted  oval  beneaith.  Reverse, — Clasped 
hands  in  large  shield,  *'Waterford"  above; 
thirteen  stars  over  all.    Type  VL 


Bridgeton,  N.  J. 

The  first  glass  factory  in  Bridgeton  was  built 
and  started  in  1837,  by  Stratton,  Buck  &  Co.,  and 
continued  in  operation  until  about  March,  1841, 
when  a  fire  destroyed  a  portion  of  the  buildings. 
Joel  Bodine  leased  tihe  plant  about  1848  and  ran 
it  for  several  years  under  the  firm  name  of  Joel 
Bodine  &  Sons.  About  1855  Messrs.  Potter  & 
Bodine  purchased  the  works,  and  later  Mr.  Pot- 
ter sold  his  irtteresit  to  Frank  Bodine  and  J. 
Nixon  Bodine.  Recently  a  stock  company  has 
been  formed  under  the  name  of  The  Cohansey 
Glass  Manufacturing  Co. 

It  is  said  that  a  variety  of  ornamental  glass 
flasks  have  been  produced  here  from  time  to  time. 
One  design  is  known  to  collectors. 


American  Glassware,  63 


39.  "Washington"  (bust)  in  uniform.  Reverse, 
— Unnamed  bust,  probably  Taylor.  In- 
scription,— "Bridgeton,  New  Jersey," 
above.    Type  11. 


Isabella  Glass  Works. 
Inquiries  of  the  older  glass  makers  no\^  living 
have  failed  to  elicit  any  information  relative  to 
these  works.  The  single  flask  design  known  to 
collectors  would  indicate  a  period  between  1840 
and  1850. 

40.  Anchor.  Inscription, — "Is-abella  Glass 
Works"  on  scroll,  and  anchor.  Reverse, 
— view  of  glass  factory.    Type  VI. 


FiSLERVILLE,  N.  J. 

(Clayton,  N.  J.) 
A  glass  factory  was  started  at  Fislerville,  N.  J., 
in  1850  by  Jacob  P.  Fisler  and  Benjamin  Beck- 
ett. In  185 1  the  latter  withdrew  and  Edward 
Bacon  was  admitted  to  partnership,  and  until 
1856  the  firm  name  was  Fisler  &  Bacon.  In  the 
latter  year,  at  the  death  of  Mr.  Bacon,  the  works 
were  sold  to  John  M.  Moore.    The  present  fac- 


64  American  Glassware, 


tory  of  the  Moore  Bros.  Glass  Co.  stands  on  the 
site  which  the  original  buildings  of  Beckett  & 
Fisler  once  occupied. 

The  name  of  Fislerville  was  changed  to  Clay- 
ton in  1867. 

Fislerville  Glass  Works. 
41.  '7^^^y  Lind''  (bust),  surrounded  by  wreath. 
Reverse, — view  of  factory.    Inscription, — 
"Fislerville  Glass  Works.''    Type  IV. 


MiLLFORA  Glass  Works. 
I  have  not  been  able  to  locate  these  works.  It 
is  possible  that  the  name  may  have  been  intended 
for  Millford.    A  single  design  has  been  found  of 
the  decanter  or  '^enny  Lind''  shape. 

42.  '7^^^y  Lind''  (bust),  in  wreath.  Reverse, — 
vievz  of  a  glass  factory.  Inscription, — 
^^Millfora  G.  Works."    Type  IV. 


Philadelphia,  Pa. 
Samuel  Huffsey. 
The  name  of  S.  Huflfsey  appears  on  several 
flask  and  bottle  designs  of  the  middle  of  the  pres- 


American  Glassware. 


65 


ent  century.  The  Philadelphia  directory  for 
1850  shows  tlhat  S'amuel  Huffsey  was  a  glass 
blower,  and  that  two  years  later  he  was  engaged 
in  the  business  of  selling  glassware  at  50  North 
Fourth  street,  in  the  same  city.  It  is  said  that 
he  was  also  a  manufadturer  about  the  same 
period,  with  works  at  Camden,  N.  J.  Among 
the  best-known  designs  which  bear  his  name  are 
globular  bottles  (Type  IV),  with  busts  of  Jenny 
Lind  and  Louis  Kossuth. 

43.  ''J^^^y  Lind''  (bust),  in  wreath.    Reverse, — 

view  of  factory.  Inscription, — ''Glass 
Works,  S.  Huffsey."    Type  IV. 

44.  '7^nny  Lind"  (bust).  Re- 

verse,— view  of  factory. 
Inscription, — ''S.  Hufif- 
sey."    Type  IV. 

45.  ''Louis     Kossuitih"  (half- 

length  figure,  with  hat), 
above  flags.  Reverse, — 
steampship.  Inscription, 
— "U.  S.  Steam  Frigate 
Mississippi,  S.  Huffsey." 
Type  IV.  No.  45. 


66 


American  Glassware, 


A,  R.  Samuels, 

Little  is  known  of  A.  R.  Samuels  save  that  he 
was  a  manufacturer  of  glassware  in  Philadelphia 
in  the  year  1855.  A  Masonic  design,  in  two 
types  of  bottles,  bears  his  initials. 

46.  American  eagle,  scroll,  shield  and  arrows. 

Initials,  ''A.  R.  S.,''  below.  Reverse, — 
clasped  hands.  Masonic  emblems  and 
word  ''Union''  in  large  shield;  thirteen 
'Stars  above.    Type  III. 

47.  American  eagle  (same  design).    Type  IV. 


Albany,  N.  Y. 
At  a  point  some  seven  miles  from  the  city  of 
Albany,  now  known  as  Guilderland,  a  glass  house 
was  built  in  1792.  In  the  following  year  the 
State  loaned  the  proprietors  £3000  for  a  term  of 
eight  years,  three  years  without  interest  and  five 
years  at  five  per  cent.  The  company  was  exempt 
from  taxation  for  a  period  of  five  years  (see 
page  14). 

48.  Washington  (?)  (bust),  surrounded  by  in- 
scription,— ''Albany  Glass  Works,  Albany, 


American  Glassware, 


67 


N.  Y/'  Reverse, — a  full-rigged  ship. 
Shape  of  Type  II,  with  vertical  side  rib. 
Sloping  collar  or  cap  at  top  ^nd  hollow 
base. 


Westford,  Conn. 

Glass  works  were  erected  in  1857  at  Westford, 
Conn.,  and  operated  for  eight  years  by  the  West- 
ford Glass  Co.,  which  consisted  of  thirteen  stock- 
holders representing  a  capital  of  $18,000.  The 
style  was  then  changed  to  E.  A.  Buck  &  Co.,  who 
continued  the  business  until  1873,  when  the 
manufacture  ceased. 

49.  Double-headed  sheaf  of  wheat,  pitchfork  and 
rake;  star  beneath.  Reverse, — "Wesitford 
Glass  Co.,  Westford,  Conn.''    Type  VI. 


New  London,  Conn. 

A  glass  factory,  now  out  of  existence,  was  pro- 
ducing bottles  in  New  London,  Conn.,  about 
i860.    It  was  erected  by  parties  from  Stoddart, 


68  American  Glassware, 


N.  H.,  who  were  operating  it  in  1863.  It  was 
afterward  purchased  by  N.  Y.  Fish  and  WilUam 
Batty,  who  subsequently  sold  it  to  some  Ellen- 
ville,  N.  Y.,  people.  It  was  known  as  the 
Thames  Glass  Works. 

50.  American  eagle  with  shield  on  breast,  stand- 
ing on  olive  branch  wreath;  seven  stars 
above.  Reverse, — ^anchor  and  ''New  Lon- 
don Glass  Works''  in  scroll.    Type  VI. 


Pittsburgh,  Pa. 
L.  F.  &  Co. 

51.  American  eagle  and  scroll;  pointed  frame  be- 
low, with  words  'Tittsburg,  Pa/'  Reverse, 
— shield  with  clasped  hands  and  initials 
"L.  F.  &  Co.";  word  "Union."    Type  VI. 


Cuninghams  &  Co, 
52.  Indian  with  bow  and  arrow,  shooting  bird; 
dog  and  tree  behind.  Inscription, — ''Cun- 
inghams &  Co.  Pittsburgh,  Pa."  Reverse, 
— eagle,  monument  and  flag,  and  word 
''Continential"  below.    Type  VI. 


American  Glassware. 


69 


E.  Wormscr  &  Co. 
American  eagle  and  sihield.  Inscription  in 
frame  below, — *'E.  Wormser  &  Co.  Pitts- 
burgh." Reverse, — clasped  hands  in  shield, 
with  word  ''Union'';  thirteen  stars  above. 
Type  VI. 


CHAPTER  VI  • 
MISCELLANEOUS  DESIGNS  BY  UNKNOWN  MAKERS 


MISCELLANEOUS  DESIGNS  BY 


UNKNOWN  MAKERS. 


54.  American  eagfle  with 

shield  on  breast,  stand- 
ing- on  oval  panel  ;  rays 
around  head.  Reverse, 
— same  design.  Type 
IL 

55.  American  eagle  with  thir- 

teen stars  above.  Re- 
verse,— g^rapes.  Type 
II. 

56.  American  eagfle  (arms  of 

t  h  e    United    States ) .  No.  57. 

Reverse, — large  head  of  Liberty,  with 
thirteen  stars  above.  Initials,  ''B.  &  W.," 
beneath,  in  script.    Type  IL 

57.  American  eagle,  star  or  rosette  in  oval  below. 

Reverse, — Masonic  arch  and  emblems, 
scull,  etc.,  below.    Type  V. 

58.  American    eagle;    same    design.  Beehive, 

etc.,  below.    Type  V. 

59.  American  eagle,  ''E  Pluribus  Unum,  above. 

Initials,  ''B.  P,"  in  oval  below.  Reverse, — 
Masonic  arch  and  emblems.  Beehive,  etc., 
below.    Type  V. 

73 


74  American  Glassware. 

60.  American  eagle,       Phiribus  Unum/'  above. 

Initials,  ''1.  P.,''  in  oval  belov^.  Reverse, — 
Masonic  arch  and  emblems.    Type  V. 

61.  American  eagle,  scroll  and  initials,  ''H.  R.,'' 

in  wreath  of  laurel  leaves.  Reverse, — 
Masonic  emblems.    Type  V. 

62.  American  eagle.    Reverse, — tree,  with  word 

"Liberty." 

63.  American  eagle,  scroll,  shield  and  arrows; 

pointed  oval  below.  Reverse, — clasped 
hands,  squaie  and  compass  in  large  shield, 
''Union''  above;  thirteen  stars  over  all. 
Type  IV. 

64.  American  eagle;  oval  frame 

containing  "Pittsburgh, 
Pa./'  below.  Reverse, — < 
same.    Type  VI. 

65.  American  eagle  with  scroll 

in  beak.  Reverse, — clasped 
hands  in  shield,  with  word, 
"Union,"  surrounded  by 
thirteen  stars  and  olive 
branches.    Type  VI. 

66.  American  eagle  with  shield         No.  64. 

on  breast  and  outspread  wings;  design 


American  Glassware,  75 


lengthwise,  like  No.  i.  Reverse, — same. 
Type  II. 

67.  Cornucopia,  or  horn  of  plenty,  with  fruits. 

Reverse, — vase  of  flowers.    Type  11. 

68.  Cornucopia  with  fruits.    Reverse, — urn  of 

five  panels  with  fruits.    Type  VI. 

69.  Cornucopia  with  fruits.    Reverse, — urn  of 

seven  panels  with  fruits.    Type  VI. 

70.  Indian  with  crown,  shooting  bird  with  bow 

and  arrow;  dog  behind.  Reverse, — eagle 
with  scroll  on  pedestal,  containing  serrated 
flag;  small  bird  at  each  side.    Type  VI. 

71.  '']^ny  Lind"  (bust),  in  wrealth.    Reverse, — 

view  of  g'lass  works,  with  wotrds  Glass 
Factory";  corrugated  sides.    Type  IV. 

72.  '7^^y  Lind"  (bust),  in  wreath.    Reverse, — 

view  of  glass  works;  not  corrugated.  No 
inscription.    Type  IV. 

73.  "J^™y  Lind"  (bust),  in  wreath.    Reverse, — 

'^Kossuth"  (bust),  without  hat.    Type  IV. 

74.  ''Kossuth''  (bust),  without  hat.    Reverse, — 

tree.    Type  IV. 

75.  Sheaf  of  wheat.    Reverse, — bust  (probably 

Taylor). 

76.  Sheaf  of  w^heat,  crossed  pitchfork  and  rake. 

Reverse, — star.    Type  IV. 


76  American  Glassware, 

77.  Tree,  with  bird  in  branches;  ''Summer" 

above.  Reverse, — ^same;  ''Winter"  above. 
Type  III. 

78.  Washington  (bust,  front  face);  no  wording. 

Reverse, — tree  bearing  fruit.    Type  IV. 

79.  "Washington"  (bust,  in  uniform)  to  left. 

Reverse, — "Jackson''  (bust,  in  uniform)  to 
left.    Type  II. 

80.  "Washington"  (bust).  Reverse,— "Kossuth" 

(bust).    Type  IV. 

81.  Washington     (bust).     Reverse, — American 

eagle  with  twelve  stars. 

82.  Horse  and  loaded  wagon  on  rails  (length- 

wise). "Railroad,"  above;  "Lowell,"  be- 
low. Reverse, — spread  eagle  (lengthwise) 
with  thirteen  stars  above.    Type  II. 

83.  "For  Pike's  Peak." 

84.  Double-headed  sheaf  of  wheat,  rake  and 

pitchfork.    Reverse, — tree.    Type  IV. 

85.  Masonic  arch  on  finely  tessellated  pavement, 

and  emblems.  Reverse, — same,  with  dif- 
ferent emblems.    Type  V. 

86.  Ship.     Reverse, — large,  eight-pointed  star. 

Type  III. 


GENERAL  JACKSON 
(See  No.  79) 


CHAPTER  Vll 

EARLY  MOULD  MAKERS 


EARLY  MOULD  MAKERS. 


Philip  Doflein,  a  German,  began  his  career 
as  a  maker  of  metal  moulds  in  Philadelphia  in 
1842,  and  originated  a  large  number  of  bottle 
designs  with  portraits  of  prominent  men,  includ- 
ing Washington,  Jefferson,  Jackson  and  Taylor. 
He  executed,  at  different  times,  many  special 
pa'ttems  for  prominent  Philadelphia  and  Camden 
glass  and  soap  manufadturers,  and  was  one  of  the 
best-known  mould  cutters  in  the  trade.  The 
writer  visited  Mr.  Doflein  in  1896,  and  found  him 
actively  engaged  in  his  usual  work,  although  he 
was  then  eigthty  years  of  age.  It  is  with  great 
regret  that  I  have  learned  of  his  recent  death. 
He  was  of  an  amiable  disposition  and  of  a  retiring 
nature,  a  conscientious  and  capable  worker  in  his 
special  line.  He  was  the  last  of  the  old-4ime  die 
cutters  who  prepared  the  moulds  for  historical 
bottle  designs.  One  of  his  last  portrait  designs 
was  a  bust  of  General  U.  S.  Grant,  made  for  a 
New  York  firm  for  the  ornamentation  of  perfume 
bottles. 

79 


8o 


American  Glassware, 


George  H.  Myers,  and  before  him  Stacy  Wil- 
son, who  will,  doubtless,  be  remembered  by  some 
of  the  older  members  of  the  craft,  made  many  of 
the  moulds  used  by  the  Dyottville  and  other 
prominent  glass  works. 


CHAPTER  VllI 
GLASS  CUP-PLATES 


GLASS  CUP-PLATES. 


/ANY  of  US  can  remember 
the  curious  little  glass 
cup-plates  of  our  grand- 
mothers, on  v/hich  the 
partly  emptied  teacups 
were  placed  to  avoid 
soiling  the  table  cloth 
while  the  tea  was  cool- 
ing in  the  saucers ;  for  in 
olden  times  it  was  considered  quite  proper  to 
drink  from  the  saucer,  and  the  custom  prevailed 
in  all  classes  of  society.  Then,  at  a  later  day, 
when  the  good  housewife  began  to  look  upon 
saucer-drinking  as  bad  form  in  table  etiquette, 
we  can  recall  these  same  diminutive  teacup-plates, 
both  in  glass  and  china,  doing  duty  as  receptacles 
for  preserves,  butter  and  pickles.  Fifty  or  sixty 
years  ago  every  well-stocked  china  closet  or  glass 
cupboard  could  boast  of  a  supply  of  these  utensils 

83 


84 


American  Glassware. 


in  a  variety  of  designs  and  colors.  Some  were 
made  of  plain,  transparent  glass,  and  others  were 
opalescent  or  milky,  ribbed  in  concentric  circles 
and  ornamented  on  the  rims  with  floral  designs, 
scroll  work  and  stars.  About  the  year  1840  the 
glass  manufacturers  introduced  a  new  style  of 
decoration,  which  met  with  much  favor,  consist- 
ing of  devices  of  a  patriotic  or  historical  charac- 
ter. To  meet  the  increasing  demand  for  such 
wares  the  range  of  decorative  subjects  was  ex- 
tended to  include  historical  monuments,  noted 
steam'ships  and  portrait  busts  of  famous  men. 

Glass  cup-plates  seem  to  have  been  most  in 
favor  about  1840,  some  appearing  earlier  and 
others  a  few  years  later.  One  of  these  commem- 
orates ''Bunker  Hill  battle,  fought  June  17, 
1775,''  in  which  engagement  the  gallant  Gen. 
Warren  fell.  The  central  design  is  an  obelisk- 
shaped  structure,  purely  conventional,  supposed 
to  represent  the  celebrated  monument  which  was 
erected  on  the  site  of  the  battle  just  sixty-eight 
years  afterward,  the  corner  stone  having  been 
laid  on  the  fiftieth  anniversary  of  the  event,  eigh- 
teen years  before,  by  Gen.  Lafayette,  who  in  1825 
was  making  a  tour  of  the  United  States.    At  the 


HENRY  CLAY 
Glass  Cup-Plate.  1844. 


American  Glassware, 


85 


laying  of  the  cornet  stone  in  that  year  and  at  the 
unveiling  of  the  monument  in  1843,  Daniel 
Webster  was  the  orator  of  the  day. 

The  Harrison  campaign  of  1840  Was  responsi- 
ble for  at  least  two  similar  designs  in  glass,  one 
representing  the  Log  Cabin  and  Hard  Cider  de- 
vice, the  other  a  portrait  of  Gen.  William  Henry 
Harrison  himself  in  uniform,  and  among  other 
conceits  of  the  glass  makers  was  an  ink  bottle, 
or  stand,  made  in  the  form  of  a  frontier  dwelling, 
the  birthplace  of  ''Tippecanoe." 

During  or  shortly  after  the  political  campaign 
of  1844  a  Henry  Clay  souvenir  appeared  in  glass, 
bearing  an  alleged  portrait  bust  of  the  American 
statesman  which,  with  equal  propriety,  mig(ht 
have  served  as  a  likeness  of  Julius  Caesar;  yet  the 
name  which  surrounded  the  profile  was  sufficient 
to  enable  it  to  pass  among  the  people  as  a  satis- 
factory representation  of  their  popular  leader. 

There  was  also  a  series  of  steamboat  designs,  in- 
scribed with  the  names  of  illustrious  Americans. 
One  of  the  rarest  of  these  shows  a  sidewheel  ves- 
sel, flying  the  American  colors,  on  the  paddle- 
box  of  which  appears  a  large  ''F,"  while  from 


86 


American  Glassware, 


one  of  the  masts  floats  a  flag  carrying  the  initials 
''B.  F.,"  and  above  the  design  occurs  the  name 
''Benjamin  Franklin,"  in  large  letters.  The  bor- 
der of  this  plate  has  an  effective  frosted  appear- 
ance, produced  by  a  close  setting  of  tiny  dots, 
raised  on  the  under  side,  forming  a  ground  on 
which  are  distributed  patriotic  emblems, — stars, 
anchors  and  the  American  eagle. 

Belonging  to  the  same  set  is  a  ''Chancellor 
Livingston''  design  with  a  similar  lace  effect  bor- 
der which  is  relieved  with  decorative  details,  such 
as  scroll  work,  hearts,  stars  and  the  national 
shield.  In  the  center,  in  capital  letters,  the  title 
is  inscribed.  Robert  R.  Livingston  was  Chan- 
cellor of  the  State  of  New  York  from  1777  to 
1801,  and  he  it  was  who  administered  the  oath 
of  office  to  Gen.  Washington  when  he  was  in- 
augurated President  in  1789.  Mr.  Livingston 
was  one  of  the  committee  of  five  which  drafted 
the  Declaration  of  Independence,  and  he  was 
afterward  associated  with  P.obert  Fulton  in  his 
steamboat  enterprises.  Similar  series  of  designs 
were  produced  by  English  potters  in  dark  blue 
color,  bearing  the  words  "Troy  Line,''  "Union 
Line,"  etc. 


American  Glassware. 


87 


With  these  objects  may  be  classed  the  moulded 
salt  cellars  which  are  occasionally  found  in  white 
and  dark  blue  glass,  bearing  relief  devices  of  the 
American  eagle  and  stars. 

Thus  it  is  seen  that  not  only  in  china,  but  also 
in  glass,  was  perpetuated  the  memory  of  many  of 
the  prominent  events  of  history.  The  producers 
of  pottery  and  glassware  of  half  a  century  and 
more  ago  introduced  in  their  decorative  treat- 
ment an  instructive  feature  which  might  be  re- 
vived with  profit  by  the  manufacturers  of  the 
present  day. 

These  interesting  little  objects  were  pressed  in 
metal  moulds  by  means  of  a  plunger.  It  is  be- 
lieved th^t  they  w^ere  made  in  England,  since  we 
have  no  knowledge  that  pressed  glass  designs  of 
this  character  w^ere  produced  so  early  in  ttiis 
country.   

Glass  Cup-Plates 
(Probably  made  in  England). 

1.  American  eagle  with  shield  on  breast;  thir- 

teen stars  above. 

2.  ''Bunker  Hill  Battle  Fought  June  17,  1775'' 

(view  of  monument). 


88 


American  Glassware, 


3.  ''Bunker  Hill  Battle  Fought  June  17,  1775''; 

'Trom  the  Fair  to  the  Brave'';  ''Corner 
Stone  laid  by  Lafayette,  June  17,  1825. 
Finished  by  the  Ladies,  1841''  (view  of 
monument). 

4.  "Chancellor  Livingston"  (steamboat). 

5.  "Clay,  Henry''  (bust). 

6.  "Fort  Pitt"  (eagle). 

7.  "Franklin,  Benjamin"  (steamboat). 

8.  Harrison,  "President  1841.    Maj.  Gen.  W. 

H.  Harrison  Born  Feb.  9,  1773"  (bust). 

9.  Hearts  pierced  by  an  arrow,  and  forget-me- 

nots. 

10.  Log  cabin. 

11.  Log  cabin,  flag  on  roof;  cider  barrel  under 

tree. 

12.  Bee  Hive. 


CHAPTER  IX 
MODERN  POLITICAL  DESIGNS 


MODERN  POLITICAL  DESIGNS. 


More  recent  products  in  g-lass  are  worthy  of 
preservation,  as  illustrating  the  poHtical  history 
of  this  country.  During  the  presidential  cam- 
paign of  1896,  several  American  manufacturers 
issued  tumblers  decorated  with  white  enamel  and 
etched  portraits  of  the  principal  candidates, — Mc- 
Kinley  and  Hobart,  and  Bryan  and  Sewall.  One 
cartoon  represented  Mr.  Mc- 
Kinley  standing  at  the  forks 
of  a  road;  one  crooked,  stony 
way  leads  to  free  silver  and  de- 
struction; the  other,  a  smooth, 
wide  path,  runs  directly  to' 
"Protection,  Peace,  Prosper- 
ity," and  to  the  latter  the  com- 
ing President  is  directing  the- 
typical  Uncle  Sam.  ^ 

For  the  present  campaign  a  number  of  similar 
devices  on  tumblers  and  goblets  have  been  pre- 

91 


92  American  Glassware. 


pared  by  enterprising  glass  makers.  Busts  of 
McKinley  and  Roosevelt  are 
shown  side  by  side,  sur- 
mounted by  the  American 
eagle;  and  heads  of  Bryan 
and  Stevenson  appear  to- 
gether. All  four  nominees 
are  also  represented  sepa- 
rately. Other  designs  have 
been  issued  with  McKinley  or 
Bryan  on  one  side  and  a  crow- 
ing rooster  on  the  other.  There  are  also  opaque 
white  glass  plates  bearing  black  printed,  or  white 
relief,  portraits  of  the  nominees. 

Patriotic  designs  in  souve- 
nir tumblers  have  also  been  is- 
sued, within  the  past  year  oi" 
two,  with  portraits  of  Admiral 
George  Dewey  and  other  ce- 
lebrities, living  and  dead. 
Among  the  prominent  pro- 
ducers of  campaign  tumblers' 
are  the  United  States  Glass' 
Co.,  the  Rochester  Tumbler 
Co.  and  Bryce  Brothers,  all  of  Pittsburgh,  Pa., 
and  the  Seneca  Glass  Co., of  Morgantown,  W.  Va. 


CHAPTER  X 


RECENT  ACHIEVEMENTS  IN  AMERICAN  GLASS 
MAKING 


RECENT  ACHIEVEMENTS  IN  AMERICAN  GLASS 
MAKING. 


LiBBEY  Cut  Glass. 

A  historical  sketch  of  the  glass  industry  in 
the  United  States  would  be  incomplete  without  a 
reference  to.  the  recent  remarkable  development 
in  ornamental  glass  cutting  and  coloring. 

The  Libbey  Glass  Company  of  Toledo,  Ohio, 
has  brought  the  art  of  cutting  glass  to  the  highest 
state  of  perfection.  Its  fabrications  are  now 
world-famous  for  the  depth  and  richness  of  their 
cut  designs,  their  simplicity  and  complexity  of 
pattern,  purity  of  color  and  prismatic  brilliancy. 
Libbey  cut  glass  surpasses,  in  mechanical  and  ar- 
tistic qualities,  the  best  wares  of  a  similar  nature 
produced  elsewhere,  and  it  has  become  the  stand- 
ard of  excellence  in  this  difficult  branch  of  the 
art.  Some  of  the  larger  pieces,  in  particular, 
such  as  the  punch  bowl  in  the  ''Kimberly''  pat- 
tern, here  shown,  are  marvels  of  elaborate  work- 

95 


96  American  Glassware. 

manship  and  scintillating,  crystalline  beauty, 
while  in  smaller  forms  tthe  variety  of  useful  and 
ornamental  designs  is  almost  limitless.  Wher- 


LiBBEY  Cut  Glass. 


ever  these  products  have  been  exhibited  in  com- 
petition with  the  w^ares  of  foreign  factories  they 
have  taken  the  first  honors.  Other  American 
factories  have  produced  and  are  now  making  cut 
glass  of  the  highest  excellence,  but  the  achieve- 


American  Glasszvare, 


97 


ments  of  William  L.  Libbey  and  Edward  D.  Lib- 
bey  must  be  accorded  the  foremost  place. 


Tiffany  Favrile  Glass. 

In  no  branch  of  the  glass  maker's  art  have 
greater  advances  been  made  recently  than  in  that 
of  coloring,  as  exemplified  in  the  celebraited 
Favrile  glass,  perfected  by  Mr.  Louis  C.  Tiffany, 
of  New  York,  and  first  brought  to  the  attention 
of  the  public  in  1893.  The  forms  of  bowls,  vases, 
lamps,  parting  cups,  candlesticks,  bottles  and 
other  ornamental  pieces  are  odd,  chaste  and 
graceful;  the  tinting  of  the  glass  is  wonderfully 
rich,  varied  and  delicate;  the  iridescent  and  gem- 
like effecits  are  astonishingly  brilliant.  By  means 
of  carving  and  cutting  through  layers  of  different 
colors  the  most  beautiful  cameo  work  is  simu- 
lated. The  texture  of  the  agate  and  the  onyx  is 
faithfully  reproduced.  The  use  and  combination 
of  variegated  metallic  lustres  result  in  exact  imi- 
tations of  the  prismatic  hues  of  the  pearl,  the  opal, 
the  peacock's  feather  and  of  golden  sheen.  The 
variety  of  form  and  combination  of  color  is  only 
limited  by  the  number  of  pieces  produced,  since 


98 


American  Glassware. 


no  two  are  precisely  alike.  Such  is  Favrile  glass 
as  now  produced  by  the  Tiffany  Glass  and  Decor- 
ating Co.,  of  New  York. 

The  word  ''Favrile"  has  been  coined  by  the 
company  as  a  trade^mark,  to  distinguish  its  prod- 
ucts from  glass  of  other  makers.  It  is  derived 
from  the  Latin  word  ^'fabrica/'  designating  some- 
thing that  has  been  fabricated  through  the  ap- 
plication of  skill  and  expertness  of  working  with 
the  hands.  Favrile  glass  is  the  result  of  Ameri- 
can genius,  far  surpassing  the  long-renowned 
fabrics  of  Venice  and  Bohemia. 

From  the  tentative  beginnings  o^  the  industry 
in  the  Virginia  woods  to  the  advanced  condition 
of  the  art  at  the  close  of  the  nineteenth  century — 
covering  a  period  of  nearly  three  centuries — is 
indeed  a  gigantic  stride.  The  days  of  patriotic 
flasks  have  passed  away,  but  in  their  stead  we 
have  the  finest  wares  of  their  kind  that  the  world 
has  seen.  America  now  excels  in  certain 
branches  of  the  art  of  glass  making.  We  believe 
it  is  only  a  question  of  a  short  time  when  she 
will  excel  in  all. 


INDEX 


INDEX 


REFERENCE  LIST  OF  BOTTLE  DESIGNS 
(Figures  Indicate  Number  of  Design). 


American  eagle  (lengthwise)   66,  82 

'     and  anchor  ("New  London")   50 

'      "    flag    8 

"     "     C'Coffin  &  Hay")    37 

grapes    55 

'     (horizontally  corrugated  sides)  ...  32 

'     and  head  of  Liberty  ("B.  &  W."). .  56 

*            Indian    70 

'                       C'Cuninghams  &  Co.")  52 

'      "    Masonic  emblems  ("B.  P.")..  59 

("H.R.")..  61 

("L  P.")..  60 

18,57,5^,63,  65 

shield  ("A.  R.  S.")  46,  47 

"     ("L.F.&  Co.")  51 

"  C'Waterford")  38 
"     (^'Wormser  & 

Co.")   ....  53 

("Pittsburgh,Pa.")    64 

'     with  rays    54 

lOI 


I02  Index, 

American  eagle  ("Success  to  the  Rail  Road")    3 

"  "     and  tree  ("Liberty")   62 

"  "     and  Washington   6,  81 

"  "     C'Willington  Glass  Co.")  ........  35 

Anchor  and  American  eagle  ("New  London")   50 

"       "    "Isabella  Glass  Works"   40 

"       "    log  cabin   22,  23 

Booz  (log  cabin  bottle,  "1840")    21 

Bragg  and  Washington    15 

Clinton  and  Lafayette  ("T.  S.")   30,  31 

('''S.  &  C")    33 

Corn  and  monument  ("Baltimore")   25 

Cornucopia  and  fruit   68,  69 

"  "    vase  of  flowers   67 

Dyott  and  Franklin  4,  5 

Fisherman  and  gunner   20 

"Fislerville  Glass  Works"  and  "Jenny  Lind"  41 

Flag  and  American  eagle   8 

"     "         "  "     ("Coffin  &  Hay")    35 

Franklin  and  Dyott  4,  5 

Fruit  and  cornucopia   68,  69 

Glass  Factory  and  Jenny  Lind  I9>  7ij  72 

Grapes  and  American  eagle    55 

Gunner  and  fisherman  20 

Horse     and     wagon     ("Success     to     the  Rail 

Road")   I,  2,  3,  82 

"Huffsey  Glass  Works"  and  Jenny  Lind  43,  44 

Indian  and  American  eagle   70 


("Cuninghams  &  Co.")  52 


Index. 


"Isabella  Glass  Works"  and  anchor  40 

Jackson  and  Washington   79 

Kossuth  and  Jenny  Lind   73 

"  Mississippi    45 

Washington    80 

"    tree   74 

Lafayette  and  Clinton  ("T.  S.")  30,  31 

rs.  &  c")  33 

"         "    Masonic  arch   34 

Liberty  head  and  American  eagle  ("B.  &  W.")  ....  56 

Lind,  Jenny,  and  "Fislerville  Glass  Works"  41 

"        "        "    Glass  Factory  19,  71,  72 

"        "        "    ''Glass  Works,  S.  Huffsey"  .  . .  .43,  44 

"  "    Kossuth    73 

"    '^Millfora  G.  Works"   42 

Log  cabin  and  anchor  22,  23 

"       "     ("Booz,"  ''1840")   21 

Masonic  arch  and  emblems   

Masonic  emblems  and  American  eagle. 


shield 


18,  57,  58,  63 
C'B.  P.").. 
C'H.  R."). 

rL  p.").. 


85 
65 

59 
61 
60 


Lafayette    34 

Washington   7 

American  eagle  C*A.  R.  S.")  46,  47 
("L.F.&Co.")  51 
"   ("Waterford")  38 
"    ("Wormser  & 

Co.")  ....  53 


104  Index, 

''Millfora  G.  Works"  and  Jenny  Lind   42 

^'Mississippi"  and  Kossuth   45 

Monument  and  corn  ("Baltimore")    25 

"  "    ship   29 

"    Taylor  C'Feirs  Point")   27,  28 

"  "    Washington     "    26 

Pike's  Peak   83 

Ringgold  and  Taylor   17 

Ship  and  monument    29 

"    star    86 

Washington  (''Albany")    48 

Star  and  wheat    76 

"Summer"  and  "Winter"    77 

Taylor  and  monument  ("Fell's  Point")   27,  28 

Ringgold   17 

"       "     sheaf  of  wheat   75 

"        "     Washington   10,  14 

"       ("Gen.  Z.")  and  Washington   13 

("G.  Z.")       "  "    16 

"       and  "Washington"  ("Balto.")    24 

("Bridgeton")    39 

("Endeavour'd  to  Do  Duty")  and  Wash- 
ington  II,  12 

"       ("Never  Surrenders")  and  W^ashington  ...  9 

Tree  and  American  eagle  ("Liberty")    62 

"      "    Kossuth    74 

"    Washington   78 

Urn  and  wheat   36 

Vase  of  flowers  and  cornucopia    67 


Index,  105 

Washington  and  American  eagle  6,  81 

ship  (''Albany")    48 

"    Bragg    15 

General    17 

"         and  Jackson    79 

Kossuth   80 

Masonic  emblems    7 

monument  ("Fell's  Point")   26 

"    "Gen.  Z.  Taylor"    13 

"    "G.  Z."        "    16 

"  "    Taylor  10,  14 

"  "        "     ("Baltimore")    24 

("Bridgeton")    39 

"  "        "     ("'Endeavour'd      to  Do 

Duty")   II,  12 

"  "        "     ("Never  Surrenders")  ....  9 

"    tree    78 

Wheat  and  Gen.  Taylor    75 

"    tree    84 

"    star    76 

"    urn   36 

"     ("Westford")    49 

"Winter"  and  "Summer"    77 


GENERAL  INDEX 


(Figures  Indicate  Page). 


Albany  Glass  Works     14,  66 

Allowaystown,  N.  J   12,  13 

American  Eagle  Designs,  Number  of    23 

A.  R.  S   66 

Bacon,  Edward    63 

(Fisler  &)    63 

Baker  Bros.  &  Co   47 

Baltimore  Glass  Works   15,  47,  48,  49 

Batty,  William    68 

Beads   11 

Beckett,  Benjamin    63 

Benners,  Henry  B   39 

Birch,  Thomas  (artist)    53 

Bodine,  Frank   62 

Joel   62 

J.  Nixon   62 

(Potter  &)   62 

Boston,  Mass   14 

Bottles  of  Unusual  Shapes    24 

B.  P   73 

Bridgeton,  N.  J  62,  63 

Brooklyn,  N.  Y   12 

107 


io8 


General  Index, 


Bryce  Brothers    92 

Buck  (Stratton,  &  Co.)   62 

Buck,  E.  A.,  &  Co   67 

B.  &  W   73 

Campbell,  Quinton,  Jr   39 

Carpenter,  Elisha    59 

Chamberlin,  R.  B   59 

(Stebbins  &)    56 

Chapman,  John  Lee   48 

Clayton,  N.  J   63,  64 

Coffin,  Bodine   60 

"     E.  W  60,  61 

"     &  Hay  60,  61 

"     J.  H   60 

William  60,  61 

Cohansey  Glass  Mfg.  Co   62 

Coloring  Glass   20 

Columbia  Glass  Works  14,  53,  54 

Connecticut   12 

Coventry,  Ct   14,  55-59 

Cuninghams  &  Co   68 

Cup-Plates  83-88 

Cut  Glass   95-97 

Denny  &  Beelen   14 

Doflein,  Philip   28,  79 

Duffy  (Sheets  &)   40 

Dyottville  Glass  Works   I5,  31,  39,  40,  42,  43,  44 

Dyott,  Dr.  T.  W   39 

Ellenville,  N.  Y   59 

Favrile  Glass   97,  98 


General  Index.  109 

Fish,  N.  Y   68 

Fisler  &  Bacon   63 

Jacob  P   63 

Fislerville  Glass  Works  (N.  J.)   63,  64 

Germantown,  Mass   12 

Glassboro,  N.  J   15,  44 

Guilderland,  N.  Y   14,  66 

Haines,  Jonathan    60,  61 

Halter,  Caspar   13 

John  Martin    13 

Hamilton  Manufacturing  Co   14 

Hammonton,  N.  J  60,  61 

Hay,  Andrew  K   60 

(Coffin  &)  60,  61 

Hewes,  Robert   14 

H.  R  ,.  74 

Huffsey,  Samuel  .    . .,'>.  .         . .  :^8,:6|.;6'5" ; ' 

I.  P  i..;i;v;iU:']i\i...iJii.  J.,.i^>i'^  \ 

Isabella  Glass  Works   63 

Jamestown,  Va  T.;  4   ^i^. , \  >..,. .; .  .  ;  >i>r^  > 

Johnson,  Elisha  ; . .  T.  1      .  . .  . .  '  ^g^ '  ' 

Keene,  N.  H  .W.  .  .    14 

Kensington  Glass  Works   1 5,  31,  32,  39,  40,  41,  42 

Kreismeir,  Simon    13 

Leacock,  James    39 

L.  F.  &  Co   68 

Leiper,  Thomas    39 

Libbey,  Edward  D   97 

Glass  Co   95-97 

William  L   97 


no 


General  Index. 


Lind,  Jenny,  Flasks   29,  45 

McFarlane,  James   59 

Manheim,  Pa  37,  38 

Maryland  Glass  Works   48 

Merrick,  Harvey   59 

Millfora  Glass  Works   64 

Moore  Bros.  Glass  Co   64 

John  M   63 

Mould  Makers   28,  39,  79,  80 

Myers,  George  H  39,  80 

New  Jersey    12 

New  London  Glass  Works  (Conn.)   67,  68 

New  York  City    12 

O'Hara,  General    14 

Parke,  Albert  H   39 

Philadelphia,  Pa  >.<.=. .  12,  39-44,  64-66 

,Pie,sch:i'"A;bra|iajrf       .\.  ^, ; /.s  ..V,  .'<.,,;.  .<.c   54 

^   <   <PiUSblirgh,  Bk.'-.'.<i:'.'j.'^l''.^.'.\l'.^i^...\  14,  15,  68,  69,  74 

"         Plate  Glass  Co.   15 

Gla£s^'.^.   ^  .j".  j'.s-;-   15 

' ' ;  ;  Foli'dc^Jl  ,Tui7ibi^r  Des>gnk  . :  91,  92 

Porter,  Shreve  &  Co   61 

Potter  &  Bodine    62 

Punty  Marks  on  Bottles   21 

Quincy  (Germantown),  Mass   12 

Railroad  Flasks    32 

Ridgway  &  Co   55 

Rink,  Stanger  &  Co   44 

Rochester  Tumbler  Co   92 

Rockville  Glass  Works   55 


General  Index,  iii 

Root,  Nathaniel   55,  56 

Rowland,  James,  &  Co   39 

S.  &  C   56 

Salem,  'Mass   12 

Samuels,  A.  R   66 

Seneca  Glass  Co  '   92 

Seybert,  Henry   39 

Shaffer,  Frank    59 

William    59 

Shapes  of  Glass  Flasks  21,  22,  23 

Sheets  &  Duffy   40 

Shreve  (Porter,  &  Co.)    61 

Smith,  S.  Decatur   39 

Spring  Garden  Glass  Works  47,  48 

Stanger  Bros   44 

Stebbins  &  Chamberlin   56 

"       Thomas   56 

Stiegel,  Baron  W.  H  37,  38 

Still,  William    59 

Stoddart,  N.  H   67 

Stratton,  Buck  &  Co   62 

Taylor  Designs,  Number  of   23 

Temple,  N.  H   14 

Thames  Glass  Works    68 

Tiffany  Glass  and  Decorating  Co   98 

"     Louis  C   97 

Tittery,  Joshua    12 

Tokens    45 

Towars,  Robert    39 

T.  S   56 


112 


General  Index. 


Tumblers,  Campaign   91,  92 

Turner,  Dea   59 

Gilbert,  &  Co  ,  56,  59 

Types  of  Glass  Bottles  22,  23 

United  States  Glass  Co   92 

Washington  Designs,  Number  of    23 

Waterford,  N.  J  61,  62 

Weaver,  Ethan  A   54 

Wentzell,  Johan  William   13 

Westford  Glass  Co.  (Conn.)   67 

West  Willington,  Ct  , . . .  59 

Whitney  Bros   ....  .44,  45 

Glass  Works  15,  29,  44,  46,  47 

John  P   46 

"       Samuel  A   44 

Thomas  H   44 

Willington  Glass  Co  59,  60 

Wilson,  Stacy   39,  80 

Wistar,  Caspar  12,  13 

"       Gen.  Isaac  J   13 

Josiah    13 

Richard   13 

Wormser,  E.,  &  Co.  .   69 


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